\Mark Theory

tomoyq60

biological evolution
bearing of the theory of evolution \Mark Theory Darwin dude Global Navigation agnostics abstruse analysis \li> can not exapparent abundant absolute no end to the change of theory catechismed the theory of evolution is just a theory arguable accustomed alternative can not explain how activity aboriginal ariseed of
biological evolution, or even that the accomplished of biological science, alphaed in November 24, 1859. On that day, afterwards two decades of accurate alertness, Darwin appear \Printed the first copy of one thoubeach two hundred and fifty, awash out in one day. A new conduct was built-in out!
<div class=\In 1859, the scientific community already has a large number of evolutionary evidence, ready to welcome the birth of the theory of evolution. This time, summed up the evolution of plants and animals develop the evidence, the fossil record, comparative anatomy, degeneration organs, embryonic development and bio-geographical distribution of these categories. <div class=\<span class=\forms. These patterns can be changed, through careful selection, you can get new varieties. By Darwin this so-called \If we saw dogs and lap dogs in the field, then, may well regard them as wolves and foxes, as do two distinct species. Cultured plants and animals provide a \<div class=\is not static since ancient times. Many species in the fossil record shows the passage of time with the gradual geographical change in the trend, sometimes between the two groups can also be found in fossil form in transition. Each of the major taxonomic groups in the fossil record is not simultaneous, but of priority, the very order, and this order is obtained from the comparison of the existing order of biological match. For example, from the morphological structure (such as cardiac structure) and physiological characteristics (such as the respiratory system) of the comparison, we can speculate vertebrates from the \in the fossil record, we did the first fish fossils found in the earlier strata began to appear, followed by amphibians, reptiles, and fossil mammals appear to have the latest. Demonstrated by the fossil record from the \<div class=\<span class=\In the nineteenth century, of different species of the morphological structure of comparative anatomy has been well-developed internal structure of each species homology in the more and more evident. As Darwin pointed out: for grasping the staff, the mole forelimbs used for digging, running Matui used for swimming and dolphin flippers for hands flying bat's wings, and their appearance is so different, the function is so different, but removing the fur, muscle, after showing the skeleton in front of us but are so similar! The most reasonable explanation for this is that they are evolved from a common ancestor, because the environment has to adapt to different functions and different shape, but failed to change the number of bones. If they are to be separately created, there is no need to have different functions and different organs have a similar shape structure, because structural design, in terms of its function and appearance, and sometimes seems not so reasonable. If we allow an engineer to design the front legs, he can remove some of the other species must, on this species is a cumbersome, degradation, leaving only a trace of bone.
<div class=\Such as whales, its hind legs have gone, but it did not disappear after the limb bones, we can find in the end it does not work the pelvis and femur have been. Even in some snakes, we can find remnants of the pelvis and femur. This leads us to believe whales from four-legged land animals evolved, and snakes evolved from lizards come. We humans have been completely degraded quite a few organs, tailbone, turn the ear muscle, appendix, nictitating membrane (third eyelid), and so are completely degraded, non-functional organs, they are only to let us remember our ancestors as a tail like a monkey who, like rabbit ears, like rotation, like herbivorous animals have well-developed cecum, like frogs, like blink, but also there is a reasonable explanation for something else?
<div class=\For example, people in the early embryonic development appeared gill slits, not only outside the image of the fish and fish offal, as in: There aortic arch, heart, only two cavities and so on. Of this phenomenon only reasonable explanation is that people evolved from fish, the ancestors of the features in embryonic development repeated. In fact, reptiles, birds and mammals in the early embryonic development of fish are related to similar, and some times almost impossible to distinguish which is the common ancestor of all vertebrates have a proof. <div class=\<span class=\to the numerous new species. Many of the species, or even the whole genus, family, eyes, only to be found in a geographical area. When the naturalist to see kangaroos in Australia and South America, the thylacine, wombats, bag ferret, possums, Tasmanian devils, and so unheard of animals, can not help but wonder why God created only where marsupials mammals. This is not where the environment is designed to have bags of class, because when the immigrants were brought to these places of higher mammals, many of the marsupial mammals and higher because of competition, but the number dropped even extinct. Clearly a more reasonable explanation is that the isolation of these areas with other mainland, and have a unique evolutionary pathways. Even an archipelago, but also often can not find in other places of endemic species. Seminary graduates as Darwin's original theory of creationism into question, because in the Galapagos Islands to see those islands between the different species of giant tortoises are, saw the look in other places up to less than thirteen of \\Reasonable explanation is that the ancestors of these species are from some other place, and tens of thousands of years has changed hundreds of years later, resulting in all sorts of unique species.
<div class=\In the eighteenth century, the French naturalist cloth cover had been considered species is variable, and boldly speculated that all animals are from the same ancestor. He also said that the age of the earth than the \However, social pressure, the fabric cover are forced to renounce the views of these deviant and therefore failed to produce any effect. <div class=\<span class=\He is the first systematic study of human evolution. His understanding of biological evolution, with the now not the same. In his view, the biosphere is the simplest, most primitive microorganisms in sequence up to the most complex, most other human ladder, and the so-called biological evolution, that is naturally produced from non-living microorganisms, microbes evolve into lower organisms , lower organisms evolved into higher organisms, until the evolution of adult process. He believed that the evolutionary process is continually repeated and is still engaged in the. That is, today, still trying to evolve intelligent adult chimpanzees. Lamarck is the first attempt to explain evolutionary phenomena, he gives the first theory of evolution.
<div class=\<div class=\<div class=\Giraffe in the famous case, Lamarck is so explained the origin of the giraffe's long neck: the giraffe's ancestors often craned their necks to eat leaves of the tree height, the neck by the exercise longer, and this can be hereditary, Therefore, their offspring will neck longer than their parents, generation after generation, the neck is getting longer.
<div class=\This certainly has religious reasons, but there are scientific doubts. For example, Lamarck's theory of evolution that can be naturally occurring non-living micro-organisms, but at the time though do not deny the natural occurrence of the Pasteur's famous experiment of the scientific community already generally agreed that there is sufficient evidence that it is not naturally occurring on the right. Therefore, although Lamarck great impact, but it is sometimes used as a negative example to ridicule and refute. Urgent need for biology as a scientific giants like Newton, to prove beyond doubt the fact of biological evolution, and gives a reasonable explanation. This giant, is Darwin. <div class=\<span class=\div style = \history of selected Darwin as the founder of biological science, it seems purely accidental. 12 February 1809 off the doctor's family, was born Charles Darwin, in his youth was a dude idle, rather than shoulder the historic mission is a genius. His father once accused him: \insect specimens, but this is very common among the boys, a hobby, and there is nothing special, although we can now consider his future interest in science but a continuation of childhood. Fall of 1825, the old Darwin prepared to let his son inherited his mantle, and sent him to the Edinburgh Medical School. Unfortunately, no interest in Medical Small Darwin, but worse, his nature fragile, and afraid to face the operating table dripping blood. Two years later, had to drop out from medical school. When not become doctors, when the priest is also a decent career, Darwin listen Fuming, into the Cambridge school of theology. Although he has no interest in theology, spent on hunting and gathering specimens of beetles of the time I am afraid to spend much more on their studies, but finally graduated in 1831, ready to be a country pastor of the remaining years. <h3 class=\kinds of waste. He felt dull formal courses, nor from the classroom to what. But in these years, he met a number of outstanding after-school naturalist, from whom received a scientific training. His talent on the natural history has also been appreciated by the naturalist. In 1831, when botanist Hens F (JS Henslow) were asked to recommend a young naturalist to participate in global Beagle voyage, he recommended the friendship between generations Darwin. Darwin's father strongly opposed his son to participate in sailing, that this would delay his son's career development in theology. In Darwin's repeated plea, the old Darwin finally made concessions that he could find a respectable man to support him, he can go. Darwin found the uncle, his future wife's father to convince his father, and luckily passed the harsh known Feiziluoyi (R. Fitzroy) the captain of the interview, at the end of 1831 with the Beagle, sailing through the Atlantic Ocean, South America and the Pacific, along the study of geology, plants and animals. Darwin observed a lot of notes along the way, collecting numerous specimens brought back to England for his future study provides the first information. Five years later, around the Earth around the Beagle returned to England. <h3 class=\theology graduates, orthodox Christians, and his piety is often made fun of seafarers. But when he returned to England, in his view, \He completely abandoned the Christian faith, and has become the skeptics do not believe in the existence of God or a rationalist, and its starting point is the \<div class=\<div class=\He dug a number of extinct South American armadillo fossil, surviving with the local armadillo skeleton is almost the same, but is much greater. In his view, the armadillo can be considered today is extinct by this evolution of the large armadillo come.
<div class=\When he was through the South American prairie, he noticed some kind of ostrich gradually to a different, but very similar to the ostrich replaced. Each region has a varied and similar endemic species, not so much that God created were the result of the same ancestors as it is at its geographic isolation were the result of evolution.
<div class=\He compared South Africa's Cape Verde Islands and biological groups on the Galapagos Islands. The geographical environment of these two islands is similar to God if the organisms are created, in similar geographical environment should create a similar biological groups is reasonable, but the two islands are very different taxonomic groups. In fact, the Cape Verde Islands, closer to its biological groups around the continent, it is clear that the island should be the biological from the African continent and gradually changed. This evolutionary process more obvious in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin discovered, composed of all the islands although the islands environment similar to, but have their own unique turtles, lizards and finches. There is no reason to believe that God deliberately created a small island in these unique species, more rational, it should be that these endemic species are of the same ancestors evolved in geographic isolation formed under the conditions. <h3 class=\theory of evolution. His first batch of notes, is a domesticated and natural environment of plants and animals variability. He studied all the possible information on hand: personal observation and experiment, other people's papers, communication with domestic and foreign biologist and gardener and keeper of the dialogue, etc, and soon concluded that the variation of domesticated plants and animals is the artificial carefully selected caused. However, the variability of natural environments is how come? He is still not clear. A year later, in his leisure time reading Malthus, \Malthus that population growth is bound to increase faster than subsistence, it will inevitably lead to poverty and the struggle for subsistence. Darwin suddenly realized that Malthus's theory can be applied to the biosphere. The propagation speed of all the creatures are based on exponential growth, a startling number of offspring, but a number of biota is relatively stable, indicating that organisms can survive only a few generations, there must be a competition for resources to survive competition. Darwin further derivation: the individual of any species are different, there is a mutation, these mutations may be neutral, may also affect viability, leading to the viability of the individual strong or weak. In the competition for survival, the survival ability of individuals to produce more offspring, race to reproduce, their genetic traits in the number gradually gained the advantage, while the viability of the individual is weak gradually phased out, the so-called \The result is that species adapt to the environment due to the gradual change. Darwin called this process natural selection.
<div class=\change, food scarcity, the long neck because it can eat the leaves of the tree height and has a survival advantage, the result of generations of selection, making the long neck of the trait to spread in the population, thereby generating a giraffe this new species.
<div class=\He began to record this theory and gave the manuscript a few friends for advice. He is well aware will be released once their own theory on how shocked society, and nature as a peaceful person, which he wants to try to avoid, so he left a will, his manuscript on the theory of evolution can only be published after his death. <h3 class=\theory of natural selection are not published during his lifetime. Wallace is a young bio-geographer, Malaysia was being investigated. With Darwin, he observed the geographic distribution of biological characteristics have led him to question evolution. February of that year, he had an intermittent fever, a sudden thought of the disease in the Malthusian \He was born poor, but also very opposed to Christianity, not Darwin, as all the top concerns of the community, and therefore an fearless momentum, with three nights to write a paper proof of natural selection papers, sent to Darwin comments. At this time he did not know Darwin's theory of evolution of two decades, the reason will find on Darwin, Darwin is entirely due to the high academic status of biogeography; and this position, complete the Beagle, Darwin, after the flight to establish.
<div class=\His first thought is to pressure their own results, and so Wallace exclusive award. But his friend, geographers and botanists Hook Ryle have already read his manuscript on natural selection, in their proposal, Darwin's own manuscripts compressed into a paper, and Wallace's papers at the same time 1859 Linnaeus published in the Society of Sciences. These two papers did not cause much reaction. Also at the urging of Ryle and Hook, in the same year Darwin published \<div class=\Darwin is due to glory of one person, and the theory of natural selection as \<div class=\<span class=\is variable, creatures evolved. At that time most of the reading of the \Even then, whether the evolution of biological debate, mainly in between biologists and Christian evangelists, not carried out within the biological community. Second, natural selection is the driving force of biological evolution. The biologists were hesitant to accept this, because the natural selection theory there are three major difficulties at the time. <h3 class=\the process of change, so between the old species and new species, in between the old class and the new class, there should be transitional forms, which can only find in the fossil. At the time the fossil specimens have been found, no one can be considered as the transition type. Darwin think this is because the fossil record is incomplete, and believe that further search will find some transitional fossils. Indeed, in \fossils. In what is now known as the transitional fossils have been thousands, but with hundreds of thousands of fossils compared to the known, still it is very rare. There are two reasons. On the one hand, the formation of fossils is accidental, and therefore necessarily very incomplete fossil record; the other hand, in accordance with the now popular \time to complete the evolution of new species, it is more difficult to form the transitional fossil forms. <h3 class=\a long time. Darwin's view that this process requires at least hundreds of millions, more than ten billion years. However, the dean of the physics community was William Thomson (Lord Kelvin, that is, a creationists) is proved by thermodynamics only a billion years of Earth history, and only the most recent two thousand years before the Earth cooled enough to allow life to survive . Challenge for physicists, Darwin can not fight back, except to say \Today, we already know that Darwin was right, and Thomson miscalculated, and now forty geology accepted hundreds of millions of years of Earth history, and at least three billion years ago life had been born. But at the time, the age of the Earth, people tend to believe that physics is clear authority. <h3 class=\Biologists generally believe that at the time the \That seems obvious, white and black children born of marriage between white and black color always. Thomson's students, Scottish engineer Jean King (F. Jenkin) pursuant to that: a good number variation will soon be integrated variation inferior, diluted out, as the theory of natural selection can not put it in the future preservation spread, like a white man to marry and have children of a black African tribe, the descendants of several generations later, he would have turned into black. Although Darwin cultures from plants and animals know that a good character can be retained, but he does not have a reasonable theory to refute the simple genetic gold. Darwin was forced to make concessions, admitted use and disuse of Lamarckism is established, it may be used to supplement natural selection theory. In fact, Darwin's death (1882) before and after the generally accepted Lamarckian biology, and suspected natural selection theory.
<div class=\Mendel in 1865 found a gene has been isolated and independent distribution law Law. Not genetic fusion, but in separate units to transfer genes, random combinations. Therefore, as long as the group is large enough, in the absence of external factors (such as natural selection) the impact of a genetic trait will not go away (skin color gene fusion is under the action of several appearances). The role of natural selection, a good gene to increase its frequency in the population, and gradually spread to the entire community.
<div class=\Unfortunately, Mendel's discovery by the scientific community was completely ignored. Ironically, when Mendel doctrine was rediscovered in 1900 when geneticists thought that it declared the death of Darwinism, in their view, random mutations, rather than natural selection, is the biological real driving force of evolution. Only a few plant and animal behavior observed in the field of biological Darwinism statisticians still believe, as they observed the wonders of biological adaptation to the environment, with random mutations can not be explained. <div class=\<span class=\This time, not a scientific giant, fighting alone, but the brilliant stars. In these great scientists, the most important British Fisher (RA Fisher), Heer Deng (JBSHaldne) and the American Wright (S. Wright). They theoretically proved that Darwin and Mendel doctrine not only conflict with each other and complement each other. Those observed in the field doing research biostatistician data obtained by the theory of evolution, can be derived from the principles of genetics. On the basis of Mendelian genetics, natural selection can satisfactorily explain the adaptability of biological evolution, do not need to Lamarckism (Lamarckism this time has also been proved to be impossible.) Mendelian genetics is the genetics of Darwin's dream! These theoretical studies, beginning in 1918, and basically completed in the early thirties. In 1930, Fisher published \These three classic form the foundation of modern evolutionary theory.
<div class=\And not only the theory test, it is difficult to be accepted by biologists. Therefore, their research work in biology at that time did not have much impact. Until the emergence of biology, another great scientist, he not only had the patience to understand the complicated mathematical calculations, and to validate these calculations with experiment, he is a Russian born American geneticist Dobzhansky (T. Dobzhansky). Dobzhansky under the tutelage of the Russian geneticist 契特维里科夫 (S. Chetverikov) of Drosophila genetics, immigration to the United States in 1927 (two years later, his teacher was arrested by the Soviet government, the laboratory is closed) . He and Wright cooperation in Drosophila as the experimental material confirmed the theoretical work of Wright. In 1937, Dobzhansky published \In this following the \effects of stimulation in various fields of evolutionary biologists have devoted themselves to research them to.
<div class=\Zoologist Meyer (E. Mayr) classification of the modern theory of evolution applied research, and proposed geographic variation and isolation in the new species under the conditions of the model generated. Paleontologist Simpson (GG Simpson) studies have shown that the modern theory of evolution can well be used to interpret the fossil record, and botanist Stebbins (GL Stebbins) pointed out that the evolution of the same plants can be explained by modern theory of evolution. Forties of this century, the modern theory of evolution has been successfully used in all areas of biology. In 1942, Julian Huxley (Huxley theory of evolution one of the founders of Sun Thomson) published \known as the \Mark this great final completion of the comprehensive process is established in Princeton in 1947, the \Thirty of this committee composed of academic authority representing different areas of biology, but with a common point of view: Darwin and Mendel comprehensive doctrine. <div class=\<span class=\models, molecular biology has now entered the era. Molecular biology of biological evolution as scientific fact to add this important new evidence.
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